In this era of populism, tariffs have become as American as apple pie. Politicians are bending over backward to out-tariff their rivals. Voters are applauding the effort, and yet it is the consumer who will pay higher prices as a result.

 

I can understand how voters might disagree, given that party politicians continue to deny the obvious. "The notion that tariffs are a tax on U.S. consumers is a lie pushed by outsources and the Chinese Communist Party," declared a spokesperson for the Republican National Committee. 

 

I am neither an outsourcer nor a Chinese Communist, but I am convinced that tariffs are a tax on all of us.

 

When the U.S. levies a tariff on an imported good, the cost of the tariff comes directly out of the bank account of an American importer when the foreign-made product arrives at an American port. The importer then has a choice. It can either eat the cost or pass all or some of that added expense to the buyer of the imported goods. That buyer can be either a retailer or a consumer. How much of the extra cost is absorbed by the retailer and how much is paid by the consumer is hard to determine.

 

Historically, U.S. tariffs have been around since the days we declared independence. Tariffs generated most of the country's revenues and at one point represented 90 percent of federal revenues. That began to change when the Industrial Revolution took hold in the U.S. during the Civil War.

 

Tariffs were then levied to protect American industry, chiefly northern manufacturers from overseas imports. The Republican Party slapped tariffs on various goods from several countries in Europe and elsewhere. This period reached its zenith during the Great Depression when world economies were failing. Tariff wars exploded globally as countries rushed to protect industries within their borders.

 

Instead, these tariffs resulted in even less global growth and only worsened the state of the world's economies.

 

It was the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934 that introduced the concept of reciprocity that began to reverse the global decline. The act allowed the president to horse trade on a global basis by negotiating lower duties if other nations did the same. After WWII, reciprocity became the dominant go-to trade policy. Over the ensuing decades, trade deals expanded from a country-to-country agreement to regional trade alliances that granted "free trade" to some while targeting duties and tariffs on others. The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement is just one example of this practice.

 

After multiple decades, this era came to an abrupt halt when former president Donald Trump initiated a wave of tariffs on a variety of goods on China. He promised that the tariffs would level the playing field between the two countries, while bringing manufacturing jobs back home. He soon expanded his tariff offensive by placing tariffs on additional products and at the same time applying them to several additional countries.

 

His successor, Joe Biden, not only let stand the China tariffs but added to them. The costs to American consumers and companies not only increased as a result, but the jobs promised never materialized. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection estimates that Americans have paid more than $230 billion to date for tariffs that Trump imposed, and Biden extended.

 

A bipartisan working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the tariffs had no impact on the number of jobs in the affected industries. However, the tariffs did result in other countries imposing their retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products. That not only hurt consumers here at home but made the goods we exported abroad more expensive. In addition, those retaliatory tariffs lowered the number of jobs within the U.S. industries that were impacted.

 

The Chinese retaliatory 25 percent tariffs on U.S. cotton, soybean, and sorghum devastated large numbers of our farmers. The situation was so bad that the Trump Administration was forced to offset the damage by offering farmers $23 billion in taxpayer money.

 

J.P. Morgan economists estimated that the Trump tariffs on $300 billion of Chinese-made goods cost the average American household about $1,000 per year. We are still paying more today for a variety of imported goods from China including MAGA baseball caps, luggage, and shoes.

 

Next week, I will discuss the present effort to expand trade barriers and tariffs as a policy tool that is being used to advance several separate goals. Each of these tariff initiatives has serious ramifications for both American industry and consumers.

 

Bill Schmick is the founding partner of Onota Partners, Inc., in the Berkshires. His forecasts and opinions are purely his own and do not necessarily represent the views of Onota Partners Inc. (OPI). None of his commentary is or should be considered investment advice. Direct your inquiries to Bill at 1-413-347-2401 or email him at bill@schmicksretiredinvestor.com.